GlyCosmos Portal

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GlyCosmos Glycans

The list of validated glycans extracted from GlyTouCan, updated weekly.

Source	Last Updated
GlyTouCan	August 18, 2024

Displaying entries **251 - 275** of **1133** in total

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GlyTouCan ID	IUPAC Condensed	Motifs	Subsumption Level	Monoisotopic Mass	Organisms
G03313QW	L-Gal(b1-6)GalNAc(?1-		Linkage defined saccharide	383.14	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G03457IA	Neu5Ac(a2-8)Neu5Gc(a2-3)[Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	Asialo-GM1 N-Glycolyl-GM2	Linkage defined saccharide	1305.43	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G03542LT	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)]GlcNAc(b1-2)[Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)]Man(a1-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan complex Polysialic acid	Linkage defined saccharide	3170.11	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G03067VG	Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-3)Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	I' antigen Paragloboside Polysialic acid Type 2 LN2	Linkage defined saccharide	1363.48	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Caprinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Cricetidae Cricetinae Cricetulus griseus Cricetulus Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Lagomorpha Laurasiatheria Leporidae Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Opisthokonta Oryctolagus cuniculus Oryctolagus Ovis aries Ovis Pecora Primates Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G03361KC	Neu5Gc(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-3)Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	Paragloboside	Linkage defined saccharide	1014.34	Amniota Artiodactyla Bacteria Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Carnivora Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Enterobacterales Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli Escherichia Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Felidae Feliformia Felinae Felis catus Felis Gammaproteobacteria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Lagomorpha Laurasiatheria Leporidae Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Opisthokonta Oryctolagus cuniculus Oryctolagus Pecora Primates Pseudomonadota Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G04109RU	Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Man(a1-3)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-6)]GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan hybrid N-acetyllactosamine Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	1583.57	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G04445KN	GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Man(a1-3)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan hybrid	Linkage defined saccharide	1275.46	Acer pseudoplatanus Acer Acereae Amniota Amphibia Anura Archelosauria Archosauria Artiodactyla Aves Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Brassicales Carica papaya Carica Caricaceae Catarrhini Chordata Coelurosauria Craniata Deuterostomia Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Embryophyta Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euphyllophyta Euteleostomi Eutheria Galliformes Galloanserae Gallus gallus Gallus Gnathostomata Gunneridae Haplorrhini Hippocastanoideae Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Lithobates pipiens Lithobates Magnoliopsida Mammalia Mesangiospermae Metazoa Neobatrachia Neognathae Nicotiana alata Nicotiana Nicotianeae Nicotianoideae Opisthokonta Pecora Pentapetalae Phasianidae Phasianinae Primates Ranidae Ranoidea Ruminantia Sapindaceae Sapindales Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Simiiformes Solanaceae Solanales Spermatophyta Streptophyta Streptophytina Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Tracheophyta Vertebrata Viridiplantae asterids cellular organisms eudicotyledons lamiids malvids rosids
G05108UT	Man(a1-6)Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(?1-		Linkage defined saccharide	748.27	Aculeata Agelenidae Agelenopsis aperta Agelenopsis Alveolata Amniota Amphiesmenoptera Amphipyrinae Ananas comosus Ananas Anas platyrhynchos Anas sp. Anas Anatidae Anatinae Anseriformes Anthophila Apidae Apinae Apini Apis mellifera Apis Apocrita Apoidea Arachnida Araneae Araneomorphae Archelosauria Archosauria Armoracia rusticana Armoracia Arthropoda Artiodactyla Ascomycota Aves Bilateria Bombycidae Bombycinae Bombycoidea Bombyx mori Bombyx Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Brassicaceae Brassicales Bromeliaceae Bromelioideae Capra hircus Capra Caprinae Cardamineae Carica papaya Carica Caricaceae Carnivora Catarrhini Chelicerata Chordata Ciliophora Coelurosauria Coturnix coturnix Coturnix Craniata Deuterostomia Dicondylia Dikarya Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Ditrysia Ecdysozoa Embryophyta Endopterygota Entelegynae Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euphyllophyta Euteleostomi Eutheria Felidae Feliformia Felinae Felis catus Felis Fungi Galliformes Galloanserae Gallus gallus Gallus Glires Glossata Gnathostomata Gunneridae Hadeninae Haplorrhini Heteroneura Hexapoda Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Hymenoptera Hymenostomatida Insecta Intramacronucleata Komagataella pastoris Komagataella Laurasiatheria Lepidoptera Liliopsida Magnoliopsida Mamestra brassicae Mamestra Mammalia Mandibulata Mesangiospermae Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Myomorpha Neognathae Neolepidoptera Neoptera Noctuidae Noctuoidea Obtectomera Oligohymenophorea Opisthokonta Ovis aries Ovis Panarthropoda Pancrustacea Pecora Pentapetalae Perdicinae Petrosaviidae Phaffomycetaceae Phasianidae Phasianinae Poales Primates Protostomia Pterygota RTA clade Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Saccharomycetales Saccharomycetes Saccharomycotina Sar Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Simiiformes Spermatophyta Spodoptera frugiperda Spodoptera Streptophyta Streptophytina Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostomi Tetrahymena pyriformis Tetrahymena Tetrahymenidae Tetrahymenina Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Tracheophyta Vertebrata Viridiplantae cellular organisms commelinids eudicotyledons malvids rosids saccharomyceta unclassified Anas unclassified entries unclassified sequences unidentified
G04964UA	GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[GlcNAc(b1-4)][Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan complex Polysialic acid	Linkage defined saccharide	1972.71	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G05235KE	GalNAc(a1-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-6)]GalNAc-ol		Linkage defined saccharide	717.28	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Primates Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G05319BS	Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-6)]GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan core basic Polysialic acid	Linkage defined saccharide	1712.61	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Cricetidae Cricetinae Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Muroidea Myomorpha Opisthokonta Pecora Primates Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G05611SB	GalNAc4S(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-6)]GlcNAc(?1-	4O-sulfated LDN N-Glycan complex N-acetyllactosamine Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	1907.63	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bovidae Caprinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Ovis aries Ovis Pecora Primates Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G05784QE	Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-3)Gal(b1-3)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-6)]GalNAc-ol	N-acetyllactosamine Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	1115.42	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bovidae Caprinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Digenea Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Lophotrochozoa Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Ovis aries Ovis Pecora Platyhelminthes Primates Protostomia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma Schistosomatidae Schistosomatoidea Simiiformes Spiralia Strigeidida Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Trematoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G05855AL	Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)]Man(?1-	Mannose N-acetyllactosamine O-Mannose Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	910.33	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G05948HK	Man(a1-3)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-6)]Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-6)]GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan core basic N-acetyllactosamine Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	1786.65	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Primates Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G05979RR	Gal(b1-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Gal(b1-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-6)]GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan complex N-acetyllactosamine Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	2110.76	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Opisthokonta Pecora Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G06067KZ	Gal(b1-3)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Gal(b1-3)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan complex Type 1 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	1640.59	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Myomorpha Opisthokonta Pecora Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G06239NA	GlcNAc(b1-3)Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	Lactotriaosylceramide Lc3	Linkage defined saccharide	545.2	Amniota Archelosauria Archosauria Artiodactyla Aves Bacilli Bacillota Bacteria Betaproteobacteria Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Coelurosauria Coturnix japonica Coturnix Craniata Deuterostomia Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Enterobacterales Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli Escherichia Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Galliformes Galloanserae Gammaproteobacteria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Lactobacillales Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria Neisseriaceae Neisseriales Neognathae Opisthokonta Pecora Perdicinae Phasianidae Primates Pseudomonadota Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Simiiformes Streptococcaceae Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus Teleostomi Terrabacteria group Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G06240OP	Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-3)[Gal(a1-3)Gal(b1-4)GalNAc(b1-6)]GalNAc(?1-	GM4 O-Glycan core 1 fuzzy a-Gal antigen	Linkage defined saccharide	1201.42	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G06371NP	Man(a1-3)[Man(a1-3)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-6)]GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan core basic	Linkage defined saccharide	1218.44	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G06171TU	Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc6S(b1-3)Gal(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-3)]GlcNAc6S-ol		Linkage defined saccharide	1056.26	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Primates Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G06595MR	Fuc(a1-3)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(?1-	Mannose O-Mannose	Linkage defined saccharide	529.2	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Primates Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G07147QM	Gal(b1-3)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc-ol	N-acetyllactosamine Type 1 LN Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	1642.61	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Myomorpha Opisthokonta Pecora Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G07328EF	Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)[Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)]Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)[Fuc(a1-6)]GlcNAc(?1-	N-Glycan complex N-acetyllactosamine Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	2151.78	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Opisthokonta Pecora Primates Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G07394RV	Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-6)]GalNAc(b1-4)Gal(?1-	6-Sialyl LN (type 1) 6-Sialyl LN (type 2) 6-Sialyl-GalNAc GM4	Linkage defined saccharide	1127.39	Amniota Artiodactyla Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Laurasiatheria Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Opisthokonta Pecora Rattus norvegicus Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms