GlyCosmos Portal

Table Filtering

GlyTouCan ID

IUPAC Condensed

Motifs

Subsumption Level

Monoisotopic Mass

Organisms

Taxonomy IDs

Tissues

Display
results per page.

Clear

Submissions

GlyCosmos Glycans

The list of validated glycans extracted from GlyTouCan, updated weekly.

Source	Last Updated
GlyTouCan	August 18, 2024

Displaying entries **501 - 525** of **677** in total

« First

‹ Prev

…

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

…

Next ›

Last »
GlyTouCan ID	Subsumption Level ▼	Monoisotopic Mass	Organisms
G65092SV	Glycosidic topology	1802.64	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G66088HZ	Glycosidic topology	3535.24	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G66163OV	Glycosidic topology	2297.84	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G66538GV	Glycosidic topology	1072.38	Acalyptratae Amniota Arthropoda Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Brachycera Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Cyclorrhapha Deuterostomia Dicondylia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Diptera Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila Drosophilidae Drosophilinae Drosophilini Ecdysozoa Endopterygota Ephydroidea Eremoneura Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hexapoda Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Insecta Mammalia Mandibulata Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Muscomorpha Myomorpha Neoptera Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Panarthropoda Pancrustacea Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Protostomia Pterygota Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Schizophora Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Sophophora Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms melanogaster group melanogaster subgroup
G66760KM	Glycosidic topology	2134.77	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Riboviria Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G66766XF	Glycosidic topology	2087.78	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G67506FN	Glycosidic topology	3302.18	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G69834CE	Glycosidic topology	3681.3	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G70101JE	Glycosidic topology	1882.64	Acalyptratae Amniota Arthropoda Ascomycota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Brachycera Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Cyclorrhapha Deuterostomia Dicondylia Dikarya Dipnotetrapodomorpha Diptera Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila Drosophilidae Drosophilinae Drosophilini Ecdysozoa Endopterygota Ephydroidea Eremoneura Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Fungi Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hexapoda Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Insecta Mammalia Mandibulata Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Muscomorpha Myomorpha Neoptera Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Panarthropoda Pancrustacea Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Protostomia Pterygota Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycetales Saccharomycetes Saccharomycotina Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Schizophora Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Sophophora Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms melanogaster group melanogaster subgroup saccharomyceta
G70375MX	Glycosidic topology	2354.86	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G70418MS	Glycosidic topology	1973.73	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G70822IO	Glycosidic topology	2135.79	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G70894RY	Glycosidic topology	3247.18	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G72291OX	Glycosidic topology	1566.56	Acalyptratae Amniota Arthropoda Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Brachycera Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Cyclorrhapha Deuterostomia Dicondylia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Diptera Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila Drosophilidae Drosophilinae Drosophilini Ecdysozoa Endopterygota Ephydroidea Eremoneura Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hexapoda Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Insecta Mammalia Mandibulata Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Muscomorpha Myomorpha Neoptera Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Panarthropoda Pancrustacea Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Protostomia Pterygota Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Schizophora Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Sophophora Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms melanogaster group melanogaster subgroup
G72667IM	Glycosidic topology	2118.77	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G72735IY	Glycosidic topology	1599.57	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G72797UR	Glycosidic topology	2151.78	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G73361JJ	Glycosidic topology	1364.5	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Riboviria Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G74430RZ	Glycosidic topology	1770.66	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G74722FL	Glycosidic topology	674.24	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G74724QE	Glycosidic topology	1056.39	Acalyptratae Amniota Arthropoda Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Brachycera Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Cyclorrhapha Deuterostomia Dicondylia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Diptera Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila Drosophilidae Drosophilinae Drosophilini Ecdysozoa Endopterygota Ephydroidea Eremoneura Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hexapoda Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Insecta Mammalia Mandibulata Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Muscomorpha Myomorpha Neoptera Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Panarthropoda Pancrustacea Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Protostomia Pterygota Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Schizophora Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Sophophora Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms melanogaster group melanogaster subgroup
G75607BQ	Glycosidic topology	2411.88	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G75983OB	Glycosidic topology	2223.8	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G76417NN	Glycosidic topology	3027.08	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Riboviria Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms
G76613WN	Glycosidic topology	1964.7	Amniota Betacoronavirus Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Cornidovirineae Coronaviridae Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Nidovirales Opisthokonta Orthocoronavirinae Orthornavirae Pisoniviricetes Pisuviricota Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Riboviria Rodentia Sarbecovirus Sarcopterygii Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Viruses cellular organisms