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Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade

Summary

Organism

Homo sapiens (human)

Reactome

R-HSA-168138

PubChem

R-HSA-168138

Description

CpG DNA is an unusual Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP). Cytosine methylation exists in mammalian but not bacterial cells, and most (but not all) CpG in the mammalian genome is methylated. Therefore, unmethylated CpG DNA may signal the presence of microbial infection. Evidence of CpG recognition by TLR9 was demonstrated both in human and mouse, and this type of signaling requires its internalization into late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. TLR9 has been reported to be able to discern different types of CpG motifs, and therefore that it presumably recognizes CpG DNA directly. It appears that over evolutionary periods, TLR9 molecules expressed by different species have diverged. This has led to differences in the precise sequence motif (CpG dinucleotide plus flanking regions) that optimally stimulate the innate immune system of different animals.

Click on a node on the pathway to see its details. Glycoproteins are marked with a glycoprotein icon in their name.

SPV: a JavaScript Signaling Pathway Visualizer, Bioinformatics, 2018

Displaying **all 4** entries
UniProt ID	Protein Name	Gene Symbol	Pathway Viewer
Q15075	Early endosome antigen 1	EEA1 ZFYVE2	view
Q99570	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4	PIK3R4 VPS15	view
Q9H1K0	Rabenosyn-5	RBSN ZFYVE20	view
Q9NR96	Toll-like receptor 9	TLR9 UNQ5798/PRO19605	view

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